Class: | angiosperms |
Order: | Saxifragales |
Family: | Grossulariaceae |
Editor | S. Rilke & S. Starke, March 2012 |
Name acc. to: | APGII |
Herbar: | list records |
Synonym: | Saxifragaceae (p.p.) |
Description: | Plants often with multicellular glandular hairs. Leaves simple, toothed or palmately lobed; stipules attached to the petiole. Petals often shorter than sepals, filaments short, attached to the top of the hypanthium. |
Tax. Comments: | Grossulariaceae has often been trated as part of Saxifragaceae. The position is still uncertain. Grossularia is shown to be a distinct group within a broad genus Ribes. |
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| genus: 2 |
| species: 14 |
Habit (i)general appearance of a plant | |
Growth form: (i)Herb, shrub, tree or climber. | shrub, subshrub or semishrub (i)Shrub, multi-stemmed, mostly (0.2) 0.5 - 5 m high, shoots woody up to the tip example: Caragana leucophloea
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Parasite status: (i)Is the plant a half- or full parasite? | no parasite/saprophyte (i)Plant fully autonomous, leaves with chlorophyll example: Most plants, Ranunculus
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Water or terrestrial plant: (i)Where do the plants grow? | terrestrial (i)Plant grows on dry land example: Orostachys spinosa
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Leaf (i)expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant (including phylloclades) | |
Leaf development: (i)Structure and development of leaves. | with green leaves (i)Plant with green leaves
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Leaf arrangement: (i)Arrangement of leaves at the stem. | alternate (i)One leaf per node; distiche: arranged in two vertical rows, equitant example: Phragmites
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Simple or divided leaves: (i)Are the leaves simple or completely divided in several parts? Blade of the leaf entire or (more or less) deeply dissected. Attention: There are various appearances of the leaf margin (from entire to toothed and lobed). Here, we ignore this and ask only for dissections that separate the leaf for more than one third of its length or width, whatever is smaller. Sometimes, it is difficult to tell apart compound leaves from a shoot system with simple leaves: look for stipulae and/or axillary buds at the ground of the leaves: if only some possess these structures, the others are most likely leaflets of a compound leaf. | simple (i)Non-divided leaf, but margin may be incised nearly to the ground
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Petiole: (i)Leaf divided into stalk (petiole) and blade. | with (i)Leaves with petiole (stalk)
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Stipule: (i)Leaflets at the base of the petiole, these are smaller and of different shape. | pair (i)A pair of free stipulae example: Lathyrus, Trifolium
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Leaf veination: (i)Arrangement of the main veins of a leaf. | pinnate (i)One main vein, several side veins, sometimes inconspicuous example: Cicerbita
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Flower (i)reproductive portion of the plant, consisting of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils | |
Flower appearance and pollination: (i)General appearance of the flower. | attractive, animal-pollinated (i)attractive and coloured flowers, mostly large, attracting surely animals example: Trollius, Rosa, Chamaerhodos
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Perianth arrangement: (i)Attention: in some plants, flowers may be dimorphic in different ways (dioecious or gynodioecious). If flowers vary, record the characters of the most showy flowers. | double, different (i)Two types of perianth leaves, differently coloured (sepals: outer periant leaves, usually greenish, and petals: inner perianth leaves, usually coloured) example: Parnassia
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Flower symmetry: (i)Symmetry of the perianth leaves. Attention: to assess this character, look on sepals, petals and stamens, but neglect carpels and ovary. | radiary, regular (actinomorphic) (i)More than two axis of symmetry example: Saxifraga: 5; Iris: 3
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Flower form: (i)common forms of flowers ? Veronica | simple (flat) - Do not confuse with inflorescences as in some Asteraceae (i)Petals spread out, flower appearing flat example: Mollugo, Trientalis, Pulsatilla, Saxifraga Hypanthium developed (i)Cup-shaped extension of the floral axis developed (receptacle accrescent) example: Saxifragaceae, Rosaceae p.p., Lythraceae
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Sepal number: (i)Number of sepal leaves (outer perianth leaves, calyx leaves, mostly greenish). Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! Be also aware in Rosaceae is often an epicalyx developed, in this case count all parts. | 4 (i) example: Sinapis 5 (i) example: Polemonium
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Sepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the sepal leaves connected? Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! | free (i)All leaves separate from each other example: Geranium
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Petal / Tepal number: (i)Number of petal leaves (inner perianth leaves, usually coloured). | 4 (i) example: Galium 5 (i) example: Potentilla
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Petal / Tepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the petal leaves connected? Petals sympetalous. | free (i)all petal leaves separate from each other example: Anthriscus
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Spur: (i)A hollow, slender, sac-like appendage of the perianth leaves, storing nectar. | no spur (i)Flower without appendage example: Peganum
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Stamen number: (i)Attention: We ask for the reproductive organs of the flower dispersing pollen. Count only fully fertile stamens, not staminodia (e.g. Parnassia). | 4 (i)Extremely rare, may be absent example: Plantago 5 (i) example: Peucedanum
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Stamen fusion: (i)To which degree are the stamens fused? Attention: Whereas the pollen sacs itself are often free., their stalks (filaments) may be fused. Here, we count them as fused if they are together over at least one thirth of their length. | free (i)Stamens with separate bases example: Malus
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Pistil number: (i)Number of pistils (female floral organs: style, if developed; stigma and carpels/ovary together build the pistil). | 1 (i)One carpel, but clearly one stigma example: Pyrola, Primula, Alyssum
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Carpel number: (i)Number of carpels (carpel: forming a simple pistil or part of a compound pistil, modified leaf). | 2
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Carpel fusion: (i)To which degree are the carpels (modified leaf forming simple pistil or part of a compound pistil) fused. | fused (i)Carpels united into an ovary, only styles are free example: Malus, Berberis
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Ovary position: (i)For entirely or partly fused carpels, describe their position in relation to the insertion point of perianth leaves (best done by doing a longitudinal section of a flower). | intermediate ovary (i)Ovary partly or fully underneath the perianth leaves, ovary not fused with axis but surrounded by a flower cup example: Prunus, a lot of Rosaceae inferior (i)Ovary below the point where perianth leaves are inserted, always fused to an ovary example: Vaccinum
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Inflorescence (i)flowering part of a plant, describes the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering axis | |
Inflorescence: (i)Structure of the inflorescence. | Flowers in inflorescence (i)No solitary flowers
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Appearance: (i)Outer look of the inflorescence. | axillary (i)Usually several inflorescences in axillary shoots or single flowers in leaf axils, main shoot remains mostly leafy example: Tragopogon, Aconogonon
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Inflorescence type: (i)Types of inflorescence. Attention: We here ask for the botanical nomenclature of inflorescences, which is sufficiently complicated. Tick only, if you are certain, or tick all inflorescence types that appear similar of these of the plant in question. | raceme (i)Stalked flowers arranged along a simple main axis, often one by one in the axils of leaves, maturing from bottom upwards example: Aconitum barbatum
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Fruit (i)the seed bearing organ, with or without adnate parts; a ripened ovary and any other structures which are attached and ripen with it. Aggregate fruits are handled like simple fruits for determination. | |
Consistency: (i)Fleshy fruits or dry fruits, see dispersal adaptations for further classification. | fleshy (i)Usually non dehiscent; with a fleshy (swollen because of a high water content) outer shell, flesh edible at least for animals example: Prunus, Amygdalus, Malus
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Type of fruit: (i)Common fruit types (including pseudocarp). | Indehiscent fruits Solitary fruits (i) berry (i)Fleshy fruit with several to many seeds in the flesh example: Tomato
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Opening of fruit: (i)Mode of dehiscence at maturity to release seeds. | not opening / indehiscent (i)Fruits remain closed at maturity and disperse with seeds inside example: Corylus (nut), Vaccinium (berry)
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Dispersal: (i)Appearance of fruit or seed (if single) and adaptations to dispersal. | Fleshy, edible (i)At least parts with a soft tissue edible at least for some animals (not necessarily for humans)
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Hairs | |
Hairs: (i)Appearance, structure, coverage of hairs on plant. | on leaf (i)Hairs on upper side, lower side or on margin of leaf leaf upper side (i)Has hairs on leaves upper side (blade) structure: glands (i)Glands (plant appears sticky) example: Thalictrum foetidum leaf lower side on stem/shoot (i)Has hairs on stem/shoot structure: glands (i)Glands (plant appears sticky) example: Chamerhodos erecta structure: glands (i)Plant appears sticky example: Cerastium glutinosum, Droseraceae
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Shoot/Stem (i)a young stem or branch | |
Spines, thorns or prickles: (i)Shoot with conspicuous spines, thorns or prickles. | spines or thornes (i)Sharp pointed woody structure originating from the plant (thornes derived from a reduced branch, spines from leaves) example: Prunus spinosa no in Mongolia
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Root / shoot below ground (i)plant part below ground (in most cases), including below ground shoots, without leaves | |
Root type: (i)Organisation of the roots. | allorhizous (i)Plant with a conspicuous tap root, one larger tap root with side roots example: Dicotyledonae inherited by order Saxifragales: allorhizous
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