| Class: | angiosperms |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Genus: | Papaver |
| Scientific name: | Papaver nudicaule L. |
| Name acc. to: | Gubanov 1996 |
| Herbar: | list records  |
| Description: | Comparatively large rosette-plants with at most 4-5 cm broad mats and mostly with indistinct tunicas. Leaves mostly 9-15 cm long, greenish to greyish-green, pinnate to pinnatifid, lower segments sometimes once more divided, segments mostly ± distant and ± spreading, oblong-elliptic to obovate, ± hairy with a mixture of long and short bristles, terminal setae of the lobes often persistent. Peduncles mostly 30-45 cm long, with light coloured, mostly sparse bristles, appressed or ± patent. Flower buds 1.2-1.8 cm long broadly elliptic to (ob)ovoid, appressed light-hairy. Flower rather large, (3) 4-5 (7) cm diam., sulfureous (dry greenish blotched), more seldom white or deeply orange, often differently coloured flowers within the same population. Capsule clavate to cylindrical, 12-15 mm long, with light coloured ± appressed bristles, stigmatic rays 7-8, disc convex to flat, rarely somewhat conical.
So far known a polyploid species ( 2n = 28 or 42). |
| Confuse with: | P. amurense |
| Tax. Comments: | Also a variable species.
Plants from the Selenga river (Khangai) from orange-flowering or mixed orange/sulfureous-flowering populations resemble somewhat P. amurense Busch but differ by their distinctly bristly capsules.
Invariably white-flowering populations from Caragana-steppes on sandy soils (Mongol-Daurian) may represent the newly described P. changaicum Kamelin (Khangai, Mongol-Daurian) but the true nature of these accessions needs more studies. |
| Link to Flora of China: | http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&name_str=Papaver+nudicaule |
| open map in a new window |  |
| Habitat: | Stipa steppes, often on sandy soils, among shrubberies on stony slopes and among rocks, sandy river banks, elm bush forests. |
| Habit (i)general appearance of a plant | |
| Growth form: (i)Herb, shrub, tree or climber. | herb (i)Herbaceous, erect plant, up to 2m high, mostly with a leafy shoot; if perennial, shoots die to the ground each season, shoots are not woody
example: Artemisia pectinata   inherited by family Papaveraceae: herb inherited by genus Papaver: herb
perennial (i)Living for several to many years, as opposed to annual and biennial inherited by genus Papaver: perennial
|
| Smell & Touch: (i)General appearance of the plant. | abundant milky juice (latex) (i)Shoots and often leaves contain white or yellowish latex
example: Asclepiadaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lactuca tatarica inherited by family Papaveraceae: abundant milky juice (latex)
|
| Parasite status: (i)Is the plant a half- or full parasite? | no parasite/saprophyte (i)Plant fully autonomous, leaves with chlorophyll
example: Most plants, Ranunculus inherited by family Papaveraceae: no parasite/saprophyte
|
| Water or terrestrial plant: (i)Where do the plants grow? | terrestrial (i)Plant grows on dry land
example: Orostachys spinosa inherited by family Papaveraceae: terrestrial
|
| Leaf (i)expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant (including phylloclades) | |
| Leaf development: (i)Structure and development of leaves. | with green leaves (i)Plant with green leaves inherited by family Papaveraceae: with green leaves
|
| Leaf arrangement: (i)Arrangement of leaves at the stem. | basal rosette (i)Leaves positioned at the base of the stem; stem often without leaves, no visible internodes (but flowers often on erect stems, and these may have few leaves)
example: Limonium, Potentilla, Plantago; also used in Liliales with basaly crouwded leaves (Tofieldia, Zigadenus etc.)  inherited by genus Papaver: basal rosette
|
| Simple or divided leaves: (i)Are the leaves simple or completely divided in several parts? Blade of the leaf entire or (more or less) deeply dissected. Attention: There are various appearances of the leaf margin (from entire to toothed and lobed). Here, we ignore this and ask only for dissections that separate the leaf for more than one third of its length or width, whatever is smaller. Sometimes, it is difficult to tell apart compound leaves from a shoot system with simple leaves: look for stipulae and/or axillary buds at the ground of the leaves: if only some possess these structures, the others are most likely leaflets of a compound leaf. | simple (i)Non-divided leaf, but margin may be incised nearly to the ground  inherited by genus Papaver: simple
pinnatisected, but simple leaf (i)Leaf divided to more than 1/3 of blade; there is a gradual transition from deeply divided leaves to pinnate leaves
example: Papaver  inherited by genus Papaver: pinnatisected, but simple leaf
|
| Length of leaves: (i)How long is the leaf, be carefull in compound leaves, measure the complete leaf. | more than 50 mm inherited by genus Papaver:
|
| Leaf veination: (i)Arrangement of the main veins of a leaf. | pinnate (i)One main vein, several side veins, sometimes inconspicuous
example: Cicerbita    inherited by family Papaveraceae: pinnate
|
| Flower (i)reproductive portion of the plant, consisting of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils | |
| Flower appearance and pollination: (i)General appearance of the flower. | attractive, animal-pollinated (i)attractive and coloured flowers, mostly large, attracting surely animals
example: Trollius, Rosa, Chamaerhodos inherited by family Papaveraceae: attractive, animal-pollinated
|
| Flower colour: (i)Attention: assess colour of the most colourful parts of the flower, but not of the stamens; be aware of single plants with a mutation (mostly white) on flower colour. | white (i)Most plants of the population white
example: Pleurospermum, Maianthemum
yellow to orange (i)Pale to golden yellow
example: Ranunculus, Crepis
|
| Perianth arrangement: (i)Attention: in some plants, flowers may be dimorphic in different ways (dioecious or gynodioecious). If flowers vary, record the characters of the most showy flowers. | double, different (i)Two types of perianth leaves, differently coloured (sepals: outer periant leaves, usually greenish, and petals: inner perianth leaves, usually coloured)
example: Parnassia   inherited by family Papaveraceae: double, different
|
| Diameter of flower: (i)Diameter of flower or flower head. | from 20 mm to 40 mm (i)
example: Aquilegia
more than 40 mm (i)
example: Incarvillea, Cypripedium
|
| Flower symmetry: (i)Symmetry of the perianth leaves. Attention: to assess this character, look on sepals, petals and stamens, but neglect carpels and ovary. | radiary, regular (actinomorphic) (i)More than two axis of symmetry
example: Saxifraga: 5; Iris: 3  inherited by family Papaveraceae: radiary, regular (actinomorphic)
|
| Flower form: (i)common forms of flowers ? Veronica | simple (flat) - Do not confuse with inflorescences as in some Asteraceae (i)Petals spread out, flower appearing flat
example: Mollugo, Trientalis, Pulsatilla, Saxifraga  inherited by family Papaveraceae: simple (flat) - Do not confuse with inflorescences as in some Asteraceae
|
| Sepal number: (i)Number of sepal leaves (outer perianth leaves, calyx leaves, mostly greenish). Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! Be also aware in Rosaceae is often an epicalyx developed, in this case count all parts. | 2 (i)
example: Papaveraceae inherited by family Papaveraceae: 2
|
| Sepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the sepal leaves connected? Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! | free (i)All leaves separate from each other
example: Geranium inherited by family Papaveraceae: free
|
| Petal / Tepal number: (i)Number of petal leaves (inner perianth leaves, usually coloured). | 4 (i)
example: Galium inherited by genus Papaver: 4
|
| Petal / Tepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the petal leaves connected? Petals sympetalous. | free (i)all petal leaves separate from each other
example: Anthriscus inherited by family Papaveraceae: free
|
| Spur: (i)A hollow, slender, sac-like appendage of the perianth leaves, storing nectar. | no spur (i)Flower without appendage
example: Peganum inherited by family Papaveraceae: no spur
|
| Stamen number: (i)Attention: We ask for the reproductive organs of the flower dispersing pollen. Count only fully fertile stamens, not staminodia (e.g. Parnassia). | > 10 (i)
example: Nymphaea, Callianthemum, Rosa inherited by family Papaveraceae: > 10
|
| Stamen fusion: (i)To which degree are the stamens fused? Attention: Whereas the pollen sacs itself are often free., their stalks (filaments) may be fused. Here, we count them as fused if they are together over at least one thirth of their length. | free (i)Stamens with separate bases
example: Malus inherited by family Papaveraceae: free
|
| Pistil number: (i)Number of pistils (female floral organs: style, if developed; stigma and carpels/ovary together build the pistil). | 1 (i)One carpel, but clearly one stigma
example: Pyrola, Primula, Alyssum inherited by family Papaveraceae: 1
>8 (i)Many stigmas, often a whole bunch densily packed
example: Ranunculus, Rubus, Papaver inherited by genus Papaver: >8
|
| Carpel number: (i)Number of carpels (carpel: forming a simple pistil or part of a compound pistil, modified leaf). | > 5 inherited by genus Papaver: > 5
|
| Ovary position: (i)For entirely or partly fused carpels, describe their position in relation to the insertion point of perianth leaves (best done by doing a longitudinal section of a flower). | superior (hypogynous) (i)Base of carpels attached above insertion point of perianth leaves, carpels free or fused
example: Delphinium, Anemone   inherited by order Ranunculales: superior (hypogynous)
|
| Sex: (i)Distribution of male and female organs among flowers, only most commonly cases. | bisexual, hermaphrodite (i)All or nearly all flowers of a plant with male and female parts
example: Haplophyllum, Chenopodium inherited by family Papaveraceae: bisexual, hermaphrodite
|
| Fruit (i)the seed bearing organ, with or without adnate parts; a ripened ovary and any other structures which are attached and ripen with it. Aggregate fruits are handled like simple fruits for determination. | |
| Consistency: (i)Fleshy fruits or dry fruits, see dispersal adaptations for further classification. | dry (i)With a dry outer shell, no fleshy parts, but seed (embryo) could be edible inherited by family Papaveraceae: dry
|
| Type of fruit: (i)Common fruit types (including pseudocarp). | Solitary fruits (i)    inherited by genus Papaver: Solitary fruits
capsule (i)Dry dehiscent fruit, releasing seeds by slits or holes.
example: Poppy, most Caryophyllaceae, Cerastium, a lot of Scrophulariaceae, Iris (oppened capsule looks like Delphinium), Zygophyllum - it is a very common fruit type    inherited by genus Papaver: capsule
Dehiscent fruits (i)Fruits open along a longitudinale line (except silicula) inherited by genus Papaver: Dehiscent fruits
|
| Opening of fruit: (i)Mode of dehiscence at maturity to release seeds. | opening with pores (i)The seed capsule opens with holes
example: Papaver, Campanula  inherited by genus Papaver: opening with pores
opening / dehiscent (i)Dry? Fruits opening with different types inherited by family Papaveraceae: opening / dehiscent inherited by genus Papaver: opening / dehiscent
|
| Size of fruit: (i)Size of the fruit including appendage. | more than 10 mm (i)
example: Malus: wild apple inherited by genus Papaver:
|
| Dispersal: (i)Appearance of fruit or seed (if single) and adaptations to dispersal. | Otherwise (i)All parts dry, no conspicuous adaptations inherited by genus Papaver: Otherwise
|
| Seed number: (i)Estimate the number of seeds per fruit, if recognizable seeds are in the fruit (in rare cases a fruit may contain one seeded nuts: rose hip, carex). | >50 (i)Innumerable, impossible to count (usually very fine seeds)
example: Papaver: many-seeded capsule, Hesperis: many-seeded siliqua inherited by genus Papaver: >50
|
| Hairs | |
| Has hairs?: | has hairs inherited by family Papaveraceae: has hairs
|
| Hairs: (i)Appearance, structure, coverage of hairs on plant. | on leaf (i)Hairs on upper side, lower side or on margin of leaf inherited by genus Papaver: on leaf
coverage: dense (i)Hairs reach each other if bent together
example: Papaver inherited by genus Papaver: coverage: dense
leaf lower side inherited by genus Papaver: leaf lower side
on stem/shoot (i)Has hairs on stem/shoot inherited by genus Papaver: on stem/shoot
structure: simple (i)Not branched
example: Papaver nudicaule inherited by genus Papaver: structure: simple
|
| Root / shoot below ground (i)plant part below ground (in most cases), including below ground shoots, without leaves | |
| Root type: (i)Organisation of the roots. | allorhizous (i)Plant with a conspicuous tap root, one larger tap root with side roots
example: Dicotyledonae inherited by order Ranunculales: allorhizous
|
| Distribution (i)region where the plant is likely to be found | |
| Distribution (Veg. Zones): (i)acc. to Grubov 1952 | Khubsgul (i)In distribution data often named as '1' 
Khentei (i)In distribution data often named as '2' 
Khangai (i)In distribution data often named as '3' 
Mongol-Daurian (i)In distribution data often named as '4' 
Great Khingan (i)In distribution data often named as '5' 
Middle Khalkha (i)In distribution data often named as '8' 
East Mongolia (i)In distribution data often named as '9' 
|
| Distribution Khangay: (i)acc. Flora Khangaya 1989 | III
IV
V
VI
|
| Plant Use | |
| Medical Plant Use: (i)Only if plant is used as medical plant | Parts used: flowers, fruits (i)Parts of Plants used in medicine
Ingredients: 0,15-0,5% of alkaloids,containing amurine,amurencine,alborine,protopine,readine,muramine,oxysanguinarine,13-oxysomuramine,papaverrubunes D and C,amurensinine,alpinine,alpigerine,criptopine,oreofiline,saguinarine,coptizine,nudarine,cyanogenic compounds,flavonoids,the flower alkaloids ( coptisine),anthacyanins(nudicaulin),the corolla anthocyanins, the fruits alkaloids (sanguinarin) (i)Medically effective ingredients
Use: Prepared into powder the flowers are applied to headache, head dullness,dazzle,neck ache and vomiting and loss of consciousness caused by cranium injuries and limb`s convulsions. In equal measure with this species are used medically some species growing in Mongolia: Papaver pseudocanescens, P.rubroaurantiacum, P. croceum (i)Medical use in eastern and western medicine
|
| General Use: | medical plant
|