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Class:angiosperms
Order:Ericales
Family:Pyrolaceae
Genus:Pyrola
Scientific name: Pyrola incarnata (DC.) Freyn
Name acc. to:Gubanov 1996
Herbar:list records    scans available    photo available    
Synonym: Pyrola rotundifolia var. incarnata DC. (acc. to Gubanov 1996)
open map in a new windowtaxon distribution for Pyrola incarnata acc. to Geobotanical Regions of Mongolia by Grubov (1955)
Habitat:Coniferous and mixed forests, birch kolki, shrubberies (Grubov 2001).
Habit (i)general appearance of a plant
Growth form: (i)Herb, shrub, tree or climber.herb (i)Herbaceous, erect plant, up to 2m high, mostly with a leafy shoot; if perennial, shoots die to the ground each season, shoots are not woody
example: Artemisia pectinata
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: herb
Special growth forms or habits:evergreen (i)Leaves remain on the plant in wintertime or in the dry season
example: Juniperus, Pinus, Ephedra
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: evergreen
Size of plant: (i)Attention: use flowering or fruiting specimens to assess plant height (many biennial plants possess only a basal rosette in the first year). from 100 mm to 250 mm inherited by genus Pyrola:
Parasite status: (i)Is the plant a half- or full parasite?no parasite/saprophyte (i)Plant fully autonomous, leaves with chlorophyll
example: Most plants, Ranunculus
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: no parasite/saprophyte
Water or terrestrial plant: (i)Where do the plants grow?terrestrial (i)Plant grows on dry land
example: Orostachys spinosa
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: terrestrial
Leaf (i)expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant (including phylloclades)
Leaf development: (i)Structure and development of leaves.with green leaves (i)Plant with green leaves inherited by family Pyrolaceae: with green leaves
Leaf arrangement: (i)Arrangement of leaves at the stem.basal rosette (i)Leaves positioned at the base of the stem; stem often without leaves, no visible internodes (but flowers often on erect stems, and these may have few leaves)
example: Limonium, Potentilla, Plantago; also used in Liliales with basaly crouwded leaves (Tofieldia, Zigadenus etc.)
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: basal rosette
Simple or divided leaves: (i)Are the leaves simple or completely divided in several parts? Blade of the leaf entire or (more or less) deeply dissected. Attention: There are various appearances of the leaf margin (from entire to toothed and lobed). Here, we ignore this and ask only for dissections that separate the leaf for more than one third of its length or width, whatever is smaller. Sometimes, it is difficult to tell apart compound leaves from a shoot system with simple leaves: look for stipulae and/or axillary buds at the ground of the leaves: if only some possess these structures, the others are most likely leaflets of a compound leaf.simple (i)Non-divided leaf, but margin may be incised nearly to the ground inherited by family Pyrolaceae: simple inherited by genus Pyrola: simple
Shape of blade: (i)Easy for simple leaves. In compound leaves use the general shape of leaflet. Always check the ground for largest leaves of a plant. To be worked out: how to handle pinnate leaves?round to orbicular (i)Leaf at least as broad as long
example: Pyrola rotundifolia, Caltha
inherited by genus Pyrola: round to orbicular
Length of leaves: (i)How long is the leaf, be carefull in compound leaves, measure the complete leaf. from 11 mm to 20 mm inherited by genus Pyrola:
from 21 mm to 50 mm inherited by genus Pyrola:
Leaf apex: (i)Appearance of the tip of leaf resp. leaflets in compound leaves.rounded (i)With a round apex
example: Trifolium
inherited by genus Pyrola: rounded
Petiole: (i)Leaf divided into stalk (petiole) and blade.with (i)Leaves with petiole (stalk) inherited by family Pyrolaceae: with inherited by genus Pyrola: with
Stipule: (i)Leaflets at the base of the petiole, these are smaller and of different shape.none (i)Without stipules
example: Euphorbia, Ericaceae s.l.
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: none
Leaf colour upper side: (i)Shades of green on the leaf, upper side.green (i)Clear green
example: Tribulus terrestris
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: green inherited by genus Pyrola: green
Leaf colour lower side: (i)Shades of green on the leaf, lower side.green (i)Clear green, in most species
example: Angelica decurrens
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: green inherited by genus Pyrola: green
Leaf veination: (i)Arrangement of the main veins of a leaf.pinnate (i)One main vein, several side veins, sometimes inconspicuous
example: Cicerbita
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: pinnate
Flower (i)reproductive portion of the plant, consisting of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
Flower appearance and pollination: (i)General appearance of the flower.attractive, animal-pollinated (i)attractive and coloured flowers, mostly large, attracting surely animals
example: Trollius, Rosa, Chamaerhodos
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: attractive, animal-pollinated
Perianth arrangement: (i)Attention: in some plants, flowers may be dimorphic in different ways (dioecious or gynodioecious). If flowers vary, record the characters of the most showy flowers.double, different (i)Two types of perianth leaves, differently coloured (sepals: outer periant leaves, usually greenish, and petals: inner perianth leaves, usually coloured)
example: Parnassia
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: double, different
Diameter of flower: (i)Diameter of flower or flower head. from 10 mm to 20 mm (i)
example: Potentilla

Flower symmetry: (i)Symmetry of the perianth leaves. Attention: to assess this character, look on sepals, petals and stamens, but neglect carpels and ovary.radiary, regular (actinomorphic) (i)More than two axis of symmetry
example: Saxifraga: 5; Iris: 3
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: radiary, regular (actinomorphic)
Flower form: (i)common forms of flowers ? Veronicasimple (flat) - Do not confuse with inflorescences as in some Asteraceae (i)Petals spread out, flower appearing flat
example: Mollugo, Trientalis, Pulsatilla, Saxifraga
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: simple (flat) - Do not confuse with inflorescences as in some Asteraceae
campanulate (i)Petals united to a bell-shaped corolla
Sepal number: (i)Number of sepal leaves (outer perianth leaves, calyx leaves, mostly greenish). Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! Be also aware in Rosaceae is often an epicalyx developed, in this case count all parts.5 (i)
example: Polemonium
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 5
Sepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the sepal leaves connected? Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals!free (i)All leaves separate from each other
example: Geranium
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: free inherited by genus Pyrola: free
fused at base (i)Leaves with a joint base, but fused over not more than half of the entire length
example: Campanula
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: fused at base
Petal / Tepal number: (i)Number of petal leaves (inner perianth leaves, usually coloured).5 (i)
example: Potentilla
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 5
Petal / Tepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the petal leaves connected? Petals sympetalous.free (i)all petal leaves separate from each other
example: Anthriscus
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: free inherited by genus Pyrola: free
Spur: (i)A hollow, slender, sac-like appendage of the perianth leaves, storing nectar.no spur (i)Flower without appendage
example: Peganum
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: no spur
Stamen number: (i)Attention: We ask for the reproductive organs of the flower dispersing pollen. Count only fully fertile stamens, not staminodia (e.g. Parnassia).7-9 (i)
example: Trientalis, Sedum

10 (i)
example: Silene
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 10
Stamen fusion: (i)To which degree are the stamens fused? Attention: Whereas the pollen sacs itself are often free., their stalks (filaments) may be fused. Here, we count them as fused if they are together over at least one thirth of their length.free (i)Stamens with separate bases
example: Malus
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: free
Pistil number: (i)Number of pistils (female floral organs: style, if developed; stigma and carpels/ovary together build the pistil).1 (i)One carpel, but clearly one stigma
example: Pyrola, Primula, Alyssum
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 1
Carpel number: (i)Number of carpels (carpel: forming a simple pistil or part of a compound pistil, modified leaf).5 inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 5
Carpel fusion: (i)To which degree are the carpels (modified leaf forming simple pistil or part of a compound pistil) fused.fused (i)Carpels united into an ovary, only styles are free
example: Malus, Berberis
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: fused
Style number: (i)Portion of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary.1 inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 1
Stigma number per style: (i)Number of stigmas per style.1 (i)One stigma, sessile or with a developed style inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 1 inherited by genus Pyrola: 1
Ovary position: (i)For entirely or partly fused carpels, describe their position in relation to the insertion point of perianth leaves (best done by doing a longitudinal section of a flower).superior (hypogynous) (i)Base of carpels attached above insertion point of perianth leaves, carpels free or fused
example: Delphinium, Anemone
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: superior (hypogynous)
Sex: (i)Distribution of male and female organs among flowers, only most commonly cases.bisexual, hermaphrodite (i)All or nearly all flowers of a plant with male and female parts
example: Haplophyllum, Chenopodium
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: bisexual, hermaphrodite
Inflorescence (i)flowering part of a plant, describes the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering axis
Inflorescence: (i)Structure of the inflorescence.Flowers in inflorescence (i)No solitary flowers inherited by family Pyrolaceae: Flowers in inflorescence inherited by genus Pyrola: Flowers in inflorescence
Simple inflorescences (i)Flowers sessile on a main shoot or on short to long not branched side shoots
example: Polygonum bistorta
inherited by genus Pyrola: Simple inflorescences
Appearance: (i)Outer look of the inflorescence.terminal (i)Inflorescence is the highest point of the plant and may consist of a single flower only
example: Cypripedium, Rhaponticum, Ligularia sibirica, Echinops
inherited by genus Pyrola: terminal
Inflorescence type: (i)Types of inflorescence. Attention: We here ask for the botanical nomenclature of inflorescences, which is sufficiently complicated. Tick only, if you are certain, or tick all inflorescence types that appear similar of these of the plant in question.raceme (i)Stalked flowers arranged along a simple main axis, often one by one in the axils of leaves, maturing from bottom upwards
example: Aconitum barbatum
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: raceme
Fruit (i)the seed bearing organ, with or without adnate parts; a ripened ovary and any other structures which are attached and ripen with it. Aggregate fruits are handled like simple fruits for determination.
Consistency: (i)Fleshy fruits or dry fruits, see dispersal adaptations for further classification.dry (i)With a dry outer shell, no fleshy parts, but seed (embryo) could be edible inherited by family Pyrolaceae: dry
Type of fruit: (i)Common fruit types (including pseudocarp).Solitary fruits (i) inherited by family Pyrolaceae: Solitary fruits
capsule (i)Dry dehiscent fruit, releasing seeds by slits or holes.
example: Poppy, most Caryophyllaceae, Cerastium, a lot of Scrophulariaceae, Iris (oppened capsule looks like Delphinium), Zygophyllum - it is a very common fruit type
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: capsule
Dehiscent fruits (i)Fruits open along a longitudinale line (except silicula) inherited by family Pyrolaceae: Dehiscent fruits
Size of fruit: (i)Size of the fruit including appendage. from 5 mm to 10 mm (i)
example: Silene: small capsule opening with teeth
inherited by family Pyrolaceae:
Seed number: (i)Estimate the number of seeds per fruit, if recognizable seeds are in the fruit (in rare cases a fruit may contain one seeded nuts: rose hip, carex).7-50 (i)Numerable, but may be counted
example: Vaccinum: multi-seeded berry, Ptilotrichum: few-seeded siliqua
inherited by family Pyrolaceae: 7-50
Root / shoot below ground (i)plant part below ground (in most cases), including below ground shoots, without leaves
Root type: (i)Organisation of the roots.allorhizous (i)Plant with a conspicuous tap root, one larger tap root with side roots
example: Dicotyledonae
inherited by order Ericales: allorhizous
Distribution (i)region where the plant is likely to be found
Distribution (Veg. Zones): (i)acc. to Grubov 1952Khubsgul (i)In distribution data often named as '1'
Khentei (i)In distribution data often named as '2'
Khangai (i)In distribution data often named as '3'
Mongol-Daurian (i)In distribution data often named as '4'
Great Khingan (i)In distribution data often named as '5'
Khobdo (i)In distribution data often named as '6'
Mongolian Altai (i)In distribution data often named as '7'
acc. to: Gubanov 1996
Distribution Khangay: (i)acc. Flora Khangaya 1989I
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