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Class:angiosperms
Order:Fabales
Family:Fabaceae
Genus:Trifolium
Scientific name: Trifolium pratense L.
Name acc. to:Gubanov 1996
Description:Short-lived (few year) legume. Stems thick. Leaflets sharp oval. Sepals with hairy stripes. At petals standard longer than wings and keel. Pods with 1-2 seed(s).
Link to Flora of China:http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&name_str=Trifolium+pratense
open map in a new windowtaxon distribution for Trifolium pratense acc. to Geobotanical Regions of Mongolia by Grubov (1955)
Habitat:Meadows. Cultivated as forage plant and escapes wild (Grubov 2001).
Habit (i)general appearance of a plant
Growth form: (i)Herb, shrub, tree or climber.annual (i)Completing its life cycle within one year or one growing season; roots weak and thin
herb (i)Herbaceous, erect plant, up to 2m high, mostly with a leafy shoot; if perennial, shoots die to the ground each season, shoots are not woody
example: Artemisia pectinata
inherited by genus Trifolium: herb
Parasite status: (i)Is the plant a half- or full parasite?no parasite/saprophyte (i)Plant fully autonomous, leaves with chlorophyll
example: Most plants, Ranunculus
inherited by family Fabaceae: no parasite/saprophyte
Water or terrestrial plant: (i)Where do the plants grow?terrestrial (i)Plant grows on dry land
example: Orostachys spinosa
inherited by genus Trifolium: terrestrial
Leaf (i)expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant (including phylloclades)
Leaf development: (i)Structure and development of leaves.with green leaves (i)Plant with green leaves inherited by genus Trifolium: with green leaves
Leaf arrangement: (i)Arrangement of leaves at the stem.alternate (i)One leaf per node; distiche: arranged in two vertical rows, equitant
example: Phragmites
inherited by family Fabaceae: alternate
Simple or divided leaves: (i)Are the leaves simple or completely divided in several parts? Blade of the leaf entire or (more or less) deeply dissected. Attention: There are various appearances of the leaf margin (from entire to toothed and lobed). Here, we ignore this and ask only for dissections that separate the leaf for more than one third of its length or width, whatever is smaller. Sometimes, it is difficult to tell apart compound leaves from a shoot system with simple leaves: look for stipulae and/or axillary buds at the ground of the leaves: if only some possess these structures, the others are most likely leaflets of a compound leaf.trifoliate (i)Three-parted leaf (often called ternate)
example: Trifolium, Thermopsis

compound (i)Composed of several similar parts inherited by genus Trifolium: compound
Leaf apex: (i)Appearance of the tip of leaf resp. leaflets in compound leaves.rounded (i)With a round apex
example: Trifolium
inherited by genus Trifolium: rounded
Leaf margin: (i)Structure of leaf margin (or that of a leaflet in case of compound leaves). Attention: Here we ask for the leaf margin, defined as all those dissections that separate the leaf for less than one third of its length or width, whatever is smaller. To be worked out: how to handle margin of pinnate leaves?serrate / dentate / crenulate (i)Margin saw-like or rounded teethed
example: Betula, Lophanthus (crenulate)
inherited by genus Trifolium: serrate / dentate / crenulate
finely serrate / dentate (i)Fine teeth, more than 20 per leaf length; usually only one lateral vein per tooth
example: Pedicularis
inherited by genus Trifolium: finely serrate / dentate
Stipule: (i)Leaflets at the base of the petiole, these are smaller and of different shape.pair (i)A pair of free stipulae
example: Lathyrus, Trifolium
inherited by family Fabaceae: pair
Leaf veination: (i)Arrangement of the main veins of a leaf.pinnate (i)One main vein, several side veins, sometimes inconspicuous
example: Cicerbita
inherited by family Fabaceae: pinnate
Flower (i)reproductive portion of the plant, consisting of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
Flower appearance and pollination: (i)General appearance of the flower.attractive, animal-pollinated (i)attractive and coloured flowers, mostly large, attracting surely animals
example: Trollius, Rosa, Chamaerhodos
inherited by family Fabaceae: attractive, animal-pollinated
Flower colour: (i)Attention: assess colour of the most colourful parts of the flower, but not of the stamens; be aware of single plants with a mutation (mostly white) on flower colour.white (i)Most plants of the population white
example: Pleurospermum, Maianthemum

pink (i)Between red and white
example: Centaurium

red (i)Reddish (also orange) to deep red
example: Lilium, Rhododendrum

purple to violet (i)All colors between purple and violet, often changing with flower age
example: Pulmonaria

Perianth arrangement: (i)Attention: in some plants, flowers may be dimorphic in different ways (dioecious or gynodioecious). If flowers vary, record the characters of the most showy flowers.double, different (i)Two types of perianth leaves, differently coloured (sepals: outer periant leaves, usually greenish, and petals: inner perianth leaves, usually coloured)
example: Parnassia
inherited by family Fabaceae: double, different
Flower symmetry: (i)Symmetry of the perianth leaves. Attention: to assess this character, look on sepals, petals and stamens, but neglect carpels and ovary.zygomorphic (i)One axis of symmetry, monosymmetrical flowers
example: Pedicularis, Nepeta, Viola
inherited by family Fabaceae: zygomorphic
Flower form: (i)common forms of flowers ? Veronicapapilionaceous (i)Butterfly-like flower is structured: standard, 2 wings and keel
example: Most Fabaceae (Astragalus), Polygala
inherited by family Fabaceae: papilionaceous
Sepal number: (i)Number of sepal leaves (outer perianth leaves, calyx leaves, mostly greenish). Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals! Be also aware in Rosaceae is often an epicalyx developed, in this case count all parts.5 (i)
example: Polemonium
inherited by family Fabaceae: 5
Sepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the sepal leaves connected? Attention, this character applies only for flowers separated in sepals and petals, thus excluding most monocots. Be aware of the bracts (involucral leaves) of Asteraceae flowerheads, do not qualify these as sepals!fused (i)Leaves united, only tips are free
example: Fabaceae, Silene
inherited by family Fabaceae: fused
Petal / Tepal number: (i)Number of petal leaves (inner perianth leaves, usually coloured).5 (i)
example: Potentilla
inherited by family Fabaceae: 5
Petal / Tepal fusion: (i)To which degree are the petal leaves connected? Petals sympetalous.free (i)all petal leaves separate from each other
example: Anthriscus
inherited by family Fabaceae: free
fused (i)petal leaves united, only tips are free (gamopetalous, sympetalous)
example: Linnaea, Adenophora, Stellera
inherited by family Fabaceae: fused
Spur: (i)A hollow, slender, sac-like appendage of the perianth leaves, storing nectar.no spur (i)Flower without appendage
example: Peganum
inherited by family Fabaceae: no spur
Stamen number: (i)Attention: We ask for the reproductive organs of the flower dispersing pollen. Count only fully fertile stamens, not staminodia (e.g. Parnassia).10 (i)
example: Silene
inherited by family Fabaceae: 10
Stamen fusion: (i)To which degree are the stamens fused? Attention: Whereas the pollen sacs itself are often free., their stalks (filaments) may be fused. Here, we count them as fused if they are together over at least one thirth of their length.fused with each other (i)All or most stamens fused with each other to a tube-like structure
example: Caragana, Petasites
inherited by family Fabaceae: fused with each other
Pistil number: (i)Number of pistils (female floral organs: style, if developed; stigma and carpels/ovary together build the pistil).1 (i)One carpel, but clearly one stigma
example: Pyrola, Primula, Alyssum
inherited by family Fabaceae: 1
Style number: (i)Portion of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary.1 inherited by family Fabaceae: 1
Stigma number per style: (i)Number of stigmas per style.1 (i)One stigma, sessile or with a developed style inherited by family Fabaceae: 1
Ovary position: (i)For entirely or partly fused carpels, describe their position in relation to the insertion point of perianth leaves (best done by doing a longitudinal section of a flower).superior (hypogynous) (i)Base of carpels attached above insertion point of perianth leaves, carpels free or fused
example: Delphinium, Anemone
inherited by family Fabaceae: superior (hypogynous)
Inflorescence (i)flowering part of a plant, describes the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering axis
Inflorescence type: (i)Types of inflorescence. Attention: We here ask for the botanical nomenclature of inflorescences, which is sufficiently complicated. Tick only, if you are certain, or tick all inflorescence types that appear similar of these of the plant in question.head or capitulum (= calathidium) (i)Sessile flowers densely clustered on a compressed or widened axis, often surrounded by bracts, called involucral leaves
example: Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Sanguisorba, Trifolium
inherited by genus Trifolium: head or capitulum (= calathidium)
Fruit (i)the seed bearing organ, with or without adnate parts; a ripened ovary and any other structures which are attached and ripen with it. Aggregate fruits are handled like simple fruits for determination.
Type of fruit: (i)Common fruit types (including pseudocarp).Solitary fruits (i) inherited by family Fabaceae: Solitary fruits
Dehiscent fruits (i)Fruits open along a longitudinale line (except silicula) inherited by family Fabaceae: Dehiscent fruits
legume (a special form of pod) (i)Dry to slightly fleshy fruit, formed of a single carpel, opening along one line only, without remaining wall
example: Fabaceae, Pea
inherited by family Fabaceae: legume (a special form of pod)
Seed number: (i)Estimate the number of seeds per fruit, if recognizable seeds are in the fruit (in rare cases a fruit may contain one seeded nuts: rose hip, carex).1 (i)A single seed (stone) or seed and fruit wall tightly connected
example: Prunus, Amygdalus: drupe

2-6 (i)2-6 single seeds, well recognizable
example: Crataegus: few-seeded berry

Root / shoot below ground (i)plant part below ground (in most cases), including below ground shoots, without leaves
Root type: (i)Organisation of the roots.allorhizous (i)Plant with a conspicuous tap root, one larger tap root with side roots
example: Dicotyledonae
inherited by order Fabales: allorhizous
Distribution (i)region where the plant is likely to be found
Distribution (Veg. Zones): (i)acc. to Grubov 1952Khubsgul (i)In distribution data often named as '1'
Mongol-Daurian (i)In distribution data often named as '4'
Phenology (i)flowering and fruting period
Flowering Period: (i)Period of the year the plant is floweringJuly
Fruiting Period: (i)Period of the year the plant is fruitingAugust
Plant Use
General Use:forage plant (i)This plant is known as forage plant (Johnson 2003)